Keywords

Poverty, Economic Dimensions, Social Dimensions, Psychic Dimensions, Cultural Dimension, Political Dimensions

Introduction

Poverty is a multidimensional, fundamental and crucial problem because it involves the lives and livelihoods of many people. During the early 1980s, empirical literature on poverty became one of the critical factors for developing countries (Aida & Riyanto, 2021). The population and poverty levels in the country have risen geometrically, reaching unsustainable levels in terms of water, fuel, and food (Olayinka, 2020). Poverty is not only a matter of low income, but also the absence of opportunities to achieve certain standards of living, such as adequate food, health, involvement in the social environment, community appreciation, and adequate education. Poverty can also mean losing opportunities to achieve certain quality of life, such as long life, health, freedom from hunger, ownership of access to health facilities, clean water, education, and social services. The problem of poverty is also always characterized by vulnerability, powerlessness, isolation and the inability to express aspirations. It is the result of a lack of globally consistent approaches, as indicated by the absence of strategic management (Munyawarara, 2020). Additionally, the number of people living in poverty, starvation, and job loss has increased considerably during this Covid-19 Pandemic, as a result of widespread layoffs by numerous companies (Supriadi et al., 2021; Soeharjoto et al., 2020).

Handling the problem of poverty has become a world concern as reflected in 1) the results of the 1995 Summit in the field of social development in Copenhagen, which emphasized efforts to tackle poverty, build solidarity, and create jobs (attaching poverty, building solidarity, creating jobs); 2) The Millennium MDG's Declaration in 2000 was initiated by the United Nations and was attended by 189 countries which resulted in eight points of agreement, one of which was reducing poverty; 3) The United Nations Conference in Washington in 2004, which was attended by 55 countries resulted in an agreement to fight hunger and poverty.

Poverty is a societal problem that demands the government's significant attention, as it has an effect on the quality of human resources (Tae et al., 2021). In this regard, empowerment has emerged as a new mainstream notion in the quest to increase social welfare and alleviate poverty in society (Olin et al., 2021). Several poverty reduction programs that have been implemented by the government include the Prosperous Family Program (Prokesra), the Family Welfare Development Program, the Inpres Program for Disadvantaged Villages (IDT), the Social Welfare Program (Prokesos), and other related programs, such as the Micro Credit Program, the Empowerment Support Program. Community and Regional Empowerment, Rural Infrastructure Development, Rice Program for Poor Families, Urban Poverty Reduction Program, District Development Program for rural communities, Regional Empowerment Program in Overcoming the Impact of Economic Crisis and other programs. MSMEs also contribute significantly to employment and are often regarded as playing a critical role in the fight against poverty and unemployment (Mulya, 2019). This series of programs has the same goal, namely alleviating the Indonesian people from poverty. However, in reality these programs have not produced optimal results, as expected. After being evaluated, it is concluded that in general these programs have not been able to solve the existing problems. Efforts to promote rural welfare and alleviate poverty have not produced optimal outcomes (Bere et al., 2020).

The concept of poverty alleviation in the future can be likened to constructing the structure of a building. Like a good building structure, the concept of poverty alleviation also requires a strong foundation and pillar to create an Indonesia free from poverty. The foundation or basic condition of poverty alleviation is good macroeconomic conditions. Stable growth rates and inflation are the main foundations of sustainable poverty reduction. However, macroeconomic conditions alone are not enough. A strong institutional framework through clear division of tasks and functions as well as coordinating institutions, regulations that support completeness of data and information, as well as diverse and innovative funding instruments to finance poverty reduction programs are the keys to successful poverty reduction.

This research is one of the efforts to formulate comprehensive Poverty Concepts and Indicators to obtain valid conceptual and empirical references for the preparation and improvement of various policies, particularly poverty management policies. Based on clear Poverty Concepts and Indicators, the Ministry of Social Affairs program is expected to be right on target and the implementation of social welfare, especially poverty reduction programs, is expected to be more effective, efficient, and sustainable.

Literature Review and Hypothesis Development

Handler & Hasenfeld (2007) have different views in defining poverty, as follows: There are two different approaches to looking at the concept of poverty, an economic approach that focuses on identifying income to buy a basket of goods and services to meet minimum needs; and on the other hand a social approach that is related to not only fulfilling the material aspect, but also the ability to be able to participate optimally as a member of the community. This social approach is based on the moral principle, that everyone should be able to utilize a variety of resources to develop their capacities and gain satisfaction and a productive life. Handler and Hasenfeld's explanation, it can be understood that poverty includes two concepts, namely the economic concept related to the inability to fulfill basic needs properly, and the social concept which refers to the low capacity of a person in carrying out social functions and in utilizing resources.

This is in line with the opinion of the World Bank in Houghton & Kandker (2009) which explains poverty as follows: Poverty is related to welfare depreviation. The conventional view states that prosperity is basically when all the necessities of life are met; then the poor are those who do not have sufficient income to be able to meet the minimum needs properly.

This view sees poverty in the financial corridor. Poverty can also be seen in special types, for example consumption, namely people who are entitled to a simple house, Raskin, or Jamkesmas. These dimensions can often be measured directly by measuring malnutrition (malnutrition) or illiteracy. Another approach to looking at welfare (and poverty) focuses on the ability of individuals to carry out their social functions. The poor, in this approach, are those whose quality of human resources is often low, so that their income/education is inadequate, or their health is poor and they feel powerless or do not have political freedom.

Based on the condition of poverty which is seen as a form of multidimensional problem, poverty has 4 forms. The four forms of poverty are (Suryawati, 2004):

Absolute Poverty

Absolute poverty is a condition where the income of a person or group of people is below the poverty line so that it is not sufficient to meet the standard needs for food, clothing, health, housing, and education needed to improve the quality of life. The poverty line is defined as the average expenditure or average consumption for basic needs related to the fulfillment of welfare standards. This form of absolute poverty is most widely used as a concept to determine or define the criteria for a person or group of people who are called poor.

Relative Poverty

Relative poverty is defined as a form of poverty that occurs because of the influence of development policies that have not reached all levels of society, causing income inequality or inequality in welfare standards. Areas that have not been reached by such development programs are generally known as underdeveloped areas.

Cultural Poverty

Cultural poverty is a form of poverty that occurs as a result of the attitudes and habits of a person or society which generally comes from culture or customs that are relatively unwilling to improve their standard of living in modern ways. Habits like this can be lazy, wasteful or never thrifty, less creative, and relatively dependent on other parties.

Structural Poverty

Structural poverty is a form of poverty caused by low access to resources, which generally occurs in a socio-cultural or socio-political order that does not support the liberation of poverty. This form of poverty also sometimes has a discriminatory element. Structural poverty is the form of poverty that has received the most attention in the field of social science, especially among aid/lending countries such as the World Bank, IMF, and the Asian Development Bank. Structural forms of poverty are also considered to be the most likely to cause the three previously mentioned forms of poverty (Jarnasy, 2004).

After knowing the form of poverty, it is also known as the type of poverty based on its nature. The types of poverty based on their nature are:

Natural Poverty

Natural poverty is poverty that is formed as a result of the scarcity of natural resources and the lack or absence of public facilities (roads, electricity, and clean water), and the condition of the soil is less fertile. Areas with these characteristics are generally areas that have not been reached by development policies so that they become underdeveloped areas.

Artificial Poverty

Artificial poverty is poverty caused by a modernization or development system that causes people to not have many opportunities to control economic resources, facilities, and facilities equally. Poverty like this is a negative impact of the implementation of the concept of development (developmentalism) which is generally carried out in developing countries. The target to pursue a high economic growth target results in an unequal distribution of development results where the industrial sector, for example, enjoys a higher level of profit than those who work in the agricultural sector.

In the context of this study, five dimensions/indicators of poverty were developed, namely the economic dimension, social dimension, psychological dimension, cultural dimension and political dimension. These five dimensions are assumed to be constructs that shape poverty in Indonesia. The economic dimension is related to the fulfillment of basic human needs as illustrated by eight indicators, namely 1) fulfillment of food needs; 2) ability to buy clothes; 3) the availability of human-friendly housing/places; 4) fulfillment of the need for 9 years of basic education; 5) fulfillment of health service needs; 6) fulfillment of job needs; 7) availability of income sources; and 8) Asset ownership.

The social dimension of poverty has six indicators, namely 1) involvement in socio-religious activities; 2) easy access to information; 3) communication between family members; 4) involvement in decision making; 5) involvement in the collection of social funds/humanitarian assistance; 6) easy access to social/public services (government services, health services, education services, clean water/electricity services, transportation services).

The psychological dimension of poverty has six indicators, namely 1) freedom to practice one's religion; 2) the fulfillment of a sense of security, free from fear; 3) fulfillment of self-confidence 4) fulfillment of a healthy natural and social environment; 5) meaningful use of free time; and 6) easy access to assistance when needed.

The cultural dimension of poverty has eight indicators, namely 1) maintaining harmonization in society; 2) clean and healthy living habits; 3) have a work ethic (diligent and like to work hard); 4) frugal, likes to save/invest and have a plan in life; 5) future-oriented (always want to move forward); 6) have an independent attitude/not dependent on others; 7) free from loan sharks/adverse economic system; 8) bound by inhibiting norms, customs, and socio-cultural values.

The political dimension of poverty has four indicators, namely 1) involvement in decision-making concerning the public interest; 2) exercise the right of opinion through social organizations/government organizations; 3) opportunity/opportunity to take advantage of the potential/resources in their environment 4) participation in determining the target of social/public service programs.

This research was carried out with the aim of finding the right concepts and indicators of poverty that the Ministry of Social Affairs would use as a reference in policy formulation. The underlying assumption is that the existing concepts and indicators are incomplete (tends to be economic in nature), using income as the only indicator, so that they do not reflect the plural or multidimensional phenomenon of poverty. The use of a single variable in poverty alleviation programs causes the programs implemented to be less effective and efficient.

In this regard, it is necessary to conduct a more comprehensive research by considering the five dimensions of poverty, namely social, psychological, cultural and political to test whether these five dimensions are construct indicators that shape poverty in Indonesia. To make the results more comprehensive, this research was carried out by combining a quantitative approach and a qualitative approach (mix approach). With this approach, the level of poverty and the construct of poverty can be measured and the phenomenon of poverty that is specific can be explored. Through this research, apart from finding the concept of poverty and macro (national) poverty indicators; local poverty indicators can also be found, which can be used as a reference in poverty alleviation at the national and regional (local) levels. The framework of thought in this study can be seen in Figure 1 below.

Research Methodology

This study uses a quantitative descriptive method. This research is quantitative in nature, intended to test hypotheses using statistical calculations. This study was used to test the instrument and determine the most dominant item or dimension in explaining the pre-prosperous variable. So that the research concept used is quantitative and verification.

In accordance with the research objectives that have been formulated, this study uses the Explanatory Survey Method. In accordance with the proposed hypothesis, the study will use a suitable statistical analysis, for this reason the analysis uses SEM (Structure Equation Model).

Researchers using SEM can define the dependent variable in one equation to be the independent variable in another equation. In addition, SEM also has the ability to include latent variables into the analysis. Latent variables are hypothesized and unobserved concepts, which can only be estimated by observed and measured variables. The observed variables obtained from the respondents are referred to as manifest variables or indicator variables.

There are three alternative model development strategies suggested by Byrne (2010), namely:

1) Confirmatory modeling strategy, which is a modeling strategy that aims to test the significance level of a single model. If the proposed model is acceptable or in accordance with certain criteria, the researcher does not prove the proposed model, but only confirms one of the several models is acceptable.

2) Competing model strategy, which is a modeling strategy that aims to evaluate several alternative models proposed by researchers based on the theoretical studies that have been carried out. Each alternative model represents quite different structural relationship hypotheses. Furthermore, each model is identified based on the specified tests and evaluated according to the conceptual framework that was built.

Model development strategy, which is a modeling strategy that aims to improve a basic model through modification of the measurement model or structural model or both, which is termed the model specification. In developing the SEM model using this strategy, theory is positioned as a starting point for the development of a model that has theoretical justification and is supported by empirical data.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) aims to test the validity and reliability of each item and dimension in measuring the variable underprivileged in Pangkalpinang City. In addition, this analysis is also carried out to find the most dominant items and dimensions in measuring research variables. The CFA model built in this study is a second order model with the first order being the item and the second order being the dimensions. Dimensions are measured by several items and variables are measured by several dimensions.

There are two validity measures used, namely: convergent validity and discriminant validity. Convergent validity measures how well the item measures the dimensions to be measured and how well the dimensions measure the pre-prosperous variable. Then discriminant validity is used to measure the extent to which the items made are able to distinguish the dimensions that must be measured. In some literature, convergence validity is stated to be good if the loading factor of each item or dimension is greater than 0.500. However, this condition is often difficult to obtain for items that are relatively new or are items that are used for the first time and do not have good references. So some literature suggests using a value of 0.300 but with a note that the item is significant through the results of hypothesis testing and the relatively large value of composite reliability (Hair et al., 2013). For discriminant validity, it is measured using Avarage Variance Extracted (AVE). AVE is expected to have a value greater than 0.500 which means that each dimension is able to explain the variation of the item by more than 50%.

Furthermore, to test the validity of the items and overall dimensions, composite reliability was used. It is expected that composite reliability has a value of more than 0.700 or 70% of the information from the dimensions can be measured properly by the item.

CFA modeling must be done in stages, namely finding all valid items first and testing the fit of the model. The first stage found that there were several items that were declared invalid because they had a loading factor value of less than 0. The items are:

X12: Ease of accessing information

X13: Ease of accessing public services

X20: Ease of getting help when needed

X26: Dependence on moneylenders

X27: Level of attachment to inhibiting norms/culture

Variable operationalization is needed to determine the types and indicators of the related variables in this study. In addition, the operationalization of variables aims to determine the measurement scale of each variable, so that hypothesis testing using tools can be carried out correctly.

The target population in this study is the underprivileged community in Pakalpinang City. The sampling method used in this study uses the Simple Random Sampling technique. The Simple Random Sampling technique is the sampling by claiming that every resident has the same opportunity to be the research sample.

Associated with the CFA method to be used, namely the structural equation modeling method involving as many as 31 indicators, the minimum required sample is 31 x 10=310 samples. This study took a sample of 385. So it has met the minimum sample size.

Results and Discussions

This study uses a population of all registered poor families in 2019 as many as 10,645 Heads of Households. Based on the sample selection technique using Cluster Random Sampling, each sub-district involves 1 (one) data collector with a total sample of 385 based on the Slovin formula with an error rate of 5 percent. All samples are proportionally distributed in 7 (seven) districts with the percentage distribution of respondents in Rangkui District by 19 percent, Taman Sari District by 12 percent, Bukit Intan District by 17 percent, Gabek District by 13 percent, Gerunggang District by 64 percent, Girimaya District by 9 percent and Pangkal Balam District by 13 percent.

The following table shows the distribution of respondents per sub-district in Pangkalpinang City:

Table 1 Distribution of Respondents Per District of Pangkalpinang City
No	District	Population	Proportion (%)	Sample
1.	Rangkui	2.036	19	73
2.	Taman Sari	1.274	12	46
3.	Bukit Intan	1.733	17	64
4.	Gabek	1.427	13	52
5.	Gerunggang	1.768	17	64
6.	Girimaya	1.014	9	36
7.	Pangkal Balam	1.393	13	50
Σ		10.645	100	385

To test the validity of the items and overall dimensions, composite reliability was used. It is expected that composite reliability has a value of more than 0.700 or 70% of the information from the dimensions can be measured properly by the item.

CFA modeling must be done in stages, namely finding all valid items first and testing the fit of the model. The first stage found that there were several items that were declared invalid because they had a loading factor value of less than 0.300 as shown in the table below in red. These items are:

X12: Ease of accessing information

X13: Ease of accessing public services

X20: Ease of getting help when needed

X26: Dependence on moneylenders

X27: Level of attachment to inhibiting norms/culture

There are several things that cause these items to be invalid, including the respondent's lack of understanding of the items proposed or the double meaning of these items. Invalid items were not included for subsequent analysis.

Table 2 Validity and Reliability Analysis Phase 1
Dimensions	Items	Code	Loading Factor
Economic Dimensions	This year's Food Needs Fulfillment Rate	X1	0.708
	Fulfillment Level of Purchasing this Year's Clothing.	X2	0.817
	Level of Availability of Fulfillment of the needs of decent housing.	X3	0.600
	Level of fulfillment of the need for basic education.	X4	0.739
	Level of fulfillment of health service needs	X5	0.624
	Fulfillment Rate to get a job	X6	0.579
	Availability of income sources	X7	0.540
	The level of asset ownership in the household.	X8	0.383
Social Dimensions	The level of involvement in socio-religious activities in the home environment.	X9	0.795
	Level of involvement in decision making in the home environment.	X10	0.694
	Level of Involvement in social fundraising.	X11	0.662
	Level of Involvement in social fundraising.	X12	0.137
	Level of Ease of accessing public services	X13	0.157
	Frequency of Communication between family members	X14	0.330
Psychic Dimensions	The level of freedom to practice the religion they believe in.	X15	0.530
	Fulfillment level of security, free from fear	X16	0.472
	Confidence Fulfillment Level	X17	0.448
	Level of Fulfillment of healthy natural & social environment	X18	0.528
	The level of meaningful use of free time.	X19	0.359
	Ease of getting help when needed	X20	0.055
Cultural Dimensins	The level of harmonization in society.	X21	0.493
	Level of clean and healthy living habits	X22	0.345
	Level of work ethic (diligent and likes to work hard). Kawah Nyusah	X23	0.698
	The level of planning in life. (have goals in life)	X24	0.688
	Independence level	X25	0.850
	Level of dependence on moneylenders	X26	0.251
	Level of attachment to inhibiting norms/culture	X27	0.139
Political Dimension	Level of involvement in decision-making concerning the public interest	X28	0.734
	Opportunity to exercise the right of opinion through social/government organizations	X29	0.913
	Opportunity to take advantage of the potential/resources that exist in the environment.	X30	0.646
	Participation rate in social/public service programs	X31	0.784

The next stage is to conduct a model fit test to find the most suitable model with the most appropriate combination of items. In this step, item X16 was forced to be removed from the model because it had a low loading factor value in the process of finding the right model. This item has a loading factor of 0.200 which previously had a loading factor of 0.472.

Table 3 Model Fit Test
Criterion	Value	Conclusion
Model Fit Test Statistic (Chi-square)	506.609	Closed fit
Degrees of freedom	274
P-value (Chi-square)	0
Chisq/df	1.849	Closed fit
Comparative Fit Index (CFI)	0.951	Closed fit
Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)	0.922	Closed fit
Robust Comparative Fit Index (CFI)	0.952	Closed fit
Robust Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)	0.923	Closed fit
RMSEA	0.47	Closed fit
SRMR	0.086	Closed fit

The results of the analysis found that in general the model fits the data with the majority conclusion being close fit, which means that the CFA built is in accordance with the empirical data.

The results of the analysis for valid items and suitable models are presented as follows:

The results of the analysis found that in general the model fits the data with the majority conclusion being close fit, which means that the CFA built is in accordance with the empirical data.

The results of the analysis for valid items and suitable models are presented as follows:

Economic Dimensions

The results of the validity test analysis found that all items used to measure the economic dimension had a positive factor loading value greater than 0.300 and a z-count value greater than the z-table value (1.960). These results found that in general all items had good convergent validity in measuring the economic dimension. However, the item level of asset ownership in the household has a relatively low factor loading score. These results find that the level of asset ownership in households is less dominant in explaining economic problems in the poor community of Pangkalpinang in 2019. The item that is considered the most important or dominant in measuring the economic dimension is the item level of fulfillment in basic education. This reflects the strong relationship between the economic dimension and the fulfillment of the need for basic education. The Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value of 0.378 indicates a relatively low value which explains that some items, especially the item Ownership of Assets in the household are less able to distinguish which dimensions are being measured.

This dimension has a high composite reliability value, reaching 0.824, which means that 82.4% of the diversity of the economic dimension is represented by the eight research items.

Social Dimensions

The results of the analysis of validity testing found that all items used to measure the social dimension had a positive factor loading value greater than 0.300 and the z-count value was greater than the z-table value (1.960). These results found that in general all items have good convergent validity in measuring social dimensions. The item frequency of communication between family members has the lowest factor loading value compared to other items which indicates this item has the lowest relative importance in measuring social dimensions compared to other dimensions. So it can be concluded that according to the community the frequency of communication between family members is not good enough to describe the social conditions in Pangkalpinan City. The item that is considered the most important or dominant in measuring the social dimension is the level of involvement in socio-religious activities in the home environment with a loading factor value of 0.796 and an R² value of 0.634 which states that 63.4% of community responses to the level of involvement in socio-religious activities in the environment house is influenced by social factors. In general, all items can be stated to have good convergent validity except for the item frequency of communication between families. The Average Variane Extracted (AVE) value of 0.417 is quite high, approaching 0.500 which indicates that the majority of items are able to minimize the dimensions that must be measured because they have a strong relationship with the social dimension.

The social dimension has a high composite reliability value, reaching 0.724, which means that all items in the social dimension have good internal consistency except for the last item with 72.4% of the problems in the social dimension can be described quite well by the four items.

Psychic Dimensions

The results of the analysis of validity testing found that all items used to measure the psychic dimension had a positive factor loading value greater than 0.300 and a z-count value greater than the z-table value (1.960). These results found that in general all items have convergent validity which is quite good in measuring the psychic dimension. The loading factor value of the four items is relatively low although it is greater than 0.300 and significant. Ideally each item has a loading factor value of more than 0.500. The item level of fulfillment of the natural and healthy social environment has the lowest factor loading value compared to other items which shows this item has the lowest relative importance level in measuring the psychic dimension compared to other items. So it can be concluded that according to the community the level of fulfillment of a healthy natural and social environment is not too dominant in describing the psychological condition in Pangkalpinang City. The item that is considered the most important or dominant in measuring the psychological dimension is the level of self-confidence with a loading factor value of 0.504 and an R² value of 0.254 which states that 25.4% of the public's response to the level of trust is influenced by psychological factors. In general, all items can be stated to have convergent validity at a fairly good level. Average Variane Extracted (AVE) value of 0.178 which is very low indicates that some items are less able to distinguish the dimensions that must be measured because they have a less close relationship with the psychic dimension.

The psychological dimension has a fairly high composite reliability value, reaching 0.461, which means that all items in the psychological dimension have a fairly good internal consistency where 46.1% of problems in the psychological dimension can be described quite well by the four items.

Cultural Dimensions

The results of the analysis of validity testing found that all items used to measure the cultural dimension had a positive factor loading value greater than 0.300 and a z-count value greater than the z-table value (1.960). These results found that in general all items have good convergent validity in measuring the cultural dimension. The item level of clean and healthy living habits has the lowest factor loading value compared to other items which indicates this item has the lowest relative importance level in measuring cultural dimensions compared to other items. So it can be concluded that according to the community the level of clean and healthy living habits is not too dominant in describing the cultural conditions in Pangkalpinang City. The item that is considered the most important or dominant in measuring the cultural dimension is the level of planning in life with a loading factor value of 0.821 and an R² value of 0.674 which states that 67.4% of the community's response to the level of trust is influenced by cultural factors. In general, all items can be stated to have good convergent validity. The Average Variane Extracted (AVE) value of 0.382 is relatively low which indicates that some items are less able to distinguish the dimensions that must be measured because they are not closely related to cultural dimensions such as clean and healthy life level items.

The cultural dimension has a high composite reliability value, reaching 0.744, which means that all items in the cultural dimension have excellent internal consistency with 74.4% of the problems in the cultural dimension can be described quite well by the four items.

Political Dimensions

The results of the validity test analysis found that all items used to measure the political dimension had a positive factor loading value greater than 0.300 and the z-count value was greater than the z-table value (1.960). These results found that in general all items were valid in measuring the political dimension. The item level of involvement in decision-making involving the public interest has the lowest factor loading value compared to other items which shows this item has the lowest relative importance level in measuring the political dimension compared to other items. So it can be concluded that according to the community the level of involvement in decision-making concerning the public interest is not too dominant in describing the political conditions in Pangkalpinang City. The item that is considered the most important or dominant in measuring the political dimension is the item of opportunity to exercise the right to express opinion through social/government organizations with a loading factor value of 0.846 and an R² value of 0.716 which states that 71.6% of the assessment will be on the opportunity to exercise the right of opinion through social/government organizations. influenced by political factors. In general, all items can be stated to have a good convergent validity. The Average Variane Extracted (AVE) value of 0.578 is greater than 0.500, indicating that all items not only have good convergent validity but also have good discriminant validity.

The political dimension has a high composite reliability value, reaching 0.844, which means that all items in the political dimension have excellent internal consistency with 81.8% of problems in the political dimension that can be well described by the four items.

The results of the validity test analysis found that all dimensions used to measure the poor variable had a positive factor loading value greater than 0.300 and the z-count value was greater than the z-table value (1.960). These results found that in general all dimensions were valid in measuring the pre-prosperous variable. However, the cultural dimension has a relatively low factor loading score. These results found that the cultural aspect was less dominant in explaining the pre-prosperous conditions in the Pangkalpinang city community. The dimension that is considered the most important or dominant in measuring the pre-prosperity variable is the psychological dimension. This reflects a strong relationship between the psychological dimension and the pre-prosperous variable with a loading factor value of 0.991 and R² of 0.982 which states that 98.2% of problems in the psychological aspect are caused by pre-prosperous conditions.

The pre-prosperous variable has a high composite reliability value, reaching 0.818, which means that all dimensions have excellent internal consistency and a score of 81.8%. The problems in under-prosperity are well described by the five dimensions.

The average variance extracted value is 0.493 close to 0.500, indicating that all dimensions have a fairly good discrimant validity value. This value explains that 49.3% of the five dimensions are caused by pre-prosperous conditions.

Importance Analysis and Performance Analysis is used to map the most important items and their performance is relatively low so they can be the focus of attention.

Table 4 Results of Interest Analysis and Item Performance
Dimension	Item	Interest		Performance
Economic Dimensions[0.520; 2.81]	This year's Food Needs Fulfillment Rate	X1	0.661	3.08
	Fulfillment Level of Purchasing this Year's Clothing.	X2	0.740	2.79
	Level of Availability of Fulfillment of the needs of decent housing.	X3	0.595	3.11
	Level of fulfillment of the need for basic education.	X4	0.784	2.96
	Level of fulfillment of health service needs	X5	0.604	3.33
	Fulfillment Rate to get a job	X6	0.562	2.52
	Availability of income sources	X7	0.513	2.47
	The level of asset ownership in the household.	X8	0.361	2.24
Social Dimensions[0.754 ;2.74]	The level of involvement in socio-religious activities in the home environment.	X9	0.796	2.64
	Level of involvement in decision making in the home environment.	X10	0.681	2.62
	Level of Involvement in social fundraising.	X11	0.694	1.88
	Level of Involvement in social fundraising.	X14	0.300	3.83
Psychic Dimensions [0.991; 3.42]	Level of Ease of accessing public services	X15	0.394	4.20
	Frequency of Communication between family members	X17	0.504	3.50
	The level of freedom to practice the religion they believe in.	X18	0.370	3.51
	Fulfillment level of security, free from fear	X19	0.409	2.48
Cultural Dimensions[0.444; 3.37]	Confidence Fulfillment Level	X21	0.474	3.73
	Level of Fulfillment of healthy natural & social environment	X22	0.397	3.53
	The level of meaningful use of free time.	X23	0.601	3.02
	Ease of getting help when needed	X24	0.821	3.24
	The level of harmonization in society.	X25	0.701	3.36
Political Dimensions [0.668; 2.09]	Level of clean and healthy living habits	X28	0.677	2.19
	Level of work ethic (diligent and likes to work hard). Kawah Nyusah	X29	0.846	1.98
	The level of planning in life. (have goals in life)	X30	0.678	2.10
	Independence level	X31	0.824	2.08

The results of the analysis found that items with high importance and low performance were in quadrant I. These items should get more attention, namely items X2, X9, X10, X11, X28, X29, X30, X31.

Conclusion

Poverty is a condition of powerlessness experienced by a person, group of people or a society, both economically, socially, psychologically, culturally and politically in realizing a humane decent life and is influenced by internal and external factors.

The description of the condition of the poor in Pangkalpinang City is as follows:

a. Limitations have their own production factors such as land, capital, work equipment, and adequate skills.

b. Relatively low level of education, average junior high school and below.

c. Working in a small scope and small capital or also called working in the informal sector environment so that they are sometimes also called underemployed.

d. Has a relatively low opportunity to obtain sufficient basic needs including in obtaining health services due to the high cost of living in archipelagic areas (inflation).

The development of the number of poor people in Pangkalpinang City tends to increase. The number of poor people in 2011 was recorded at 378,275 people and continued to grow to 700,949 in 2018. To measure poverty, BPS uses the basic needs approach (Handbook on Poverty and Inequality: The World Bank, 2009). With this approach, poverty is seen as an economic inability to meet basic food and non-food needs as measured by the poverty line (food & non-food). As eliminating poverty improves health and food security (Tiimub et al., 2020), government should design strategy to realize it. However, the government's policy program is still difficult to reach, and until now it is still a challenge for the city government and related parties. The communities of concern are the 4L communities, namely The Last (Those who are the last to get various opportunities), The Least (Those who receive the least drops of development blessings), The Lowest (Those with the lowest degree of social life), and The Lost (Those who have the least degree of social life). Those who always lose their way in determining the future).

Indicators of poverty in Pangkalpinang City are seen from 5 (five) aspects, namely economic aspects, social aspects, psychological aspects, cultural aspects and political aspects.

Economic Aspect

From the economic aspect, the following are identified:

a. Unfulfilled food needs

b. Unfulfilled clothing needs

c. No proper board/house available

d. Unfulfilled basic education needs

e. Unfulfilled needs for health services

f. Unfulfilled job needs

g. No decent source of income available

h. Limited in asset ownership

Social Dimension

a. Limited in religious social activities

b. Lack of intense communication within the family

c. Less involved in decision making

d. Less involved in social fundraising

Psychic Dimension

a. Have the freedom to practice the religion you believe in

b. Have a sense of security and be free from fear

c. Confident enough

d. Fulfillment of a healthy social environment

e. Lack of meaningful free time

f. Difficult to get help when needed

Cultural Dimension

a. Lack of harmony in society

b. Lack of clean and healthy living habits

c. Low work ethic

d. Don't have a good financial plan yet

e. Not oriented to the future

f. Dependence on aid is still high

Political Dimension

a. Low involvement in general decision making

b. Low use of the right to opinion

c. Low opportunity to utilize environmental resources

d. Low participation in social service programs

Based on the 5 (five) dimensions above, the conclusions obtained from the results of this study are:

1. The level of accessibility of poor families to social service programs is still not evenly distributed by the poor in Pangkalpinang City.

2. The poverty measurement model by taking into account the five economic, social, psychological, cultural, and political dimensions is good enough as an effort to build a new instrument for measuring poverty indicators. All items have positive validity. This means that it is good enough to explain the dimensions and variables.

Limitation and Study Forward

Some limitations of the study that can be considered in this study; among others:

a. The study locus is limited in Pangkalpinang City.

b. Data collection was carried out retrospectively, based on the respondent's confession.

By knowing that the psychological condition of the community is the variable with the highest proportion in shaping the poverty perception construct in Pangkal Pinang City, it is necessary to consider constructive efforts in poverty alleviation that pay attention to this. Thus, a Pangkal Pinang-style urban poverty alleviation model will be born whose focus is not solely on the economic aspect (and the fulfillment of minimum physical needs). Even more than that, poverty alleviation by touching the psychological aspect that inspires the soul and spirit not to want to be called poor.

Synchronization of poverty data between statistical data, Central Government and with Regional Data. Given the differences in poverty standards between the central government and the regional version. Synchronization can be done by carrying out data updates (verification and validation – very valid) every six months (according to the Minister of Social Affairs Regulation Number 11 of 2019 concerning Amendments to the Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs Number 5 of 2019 concerning Management of Integrated Social Welfare Data).

In order to reduce the level of poverty in Pangkalpinang City, it should not only focus on people who are vulnerable to poor clusters but should focus on the poorest people. Because it will solve the problem at its root, and is more sustainable (long term).

The problem of poverty alleviation is not only seen from the economic dimension, but also four other dimensions, namely social, cultural, psychological and political which require different and specific programs. The strong non-economic dimension is expected to become a strong bulwark in reducing the number of poverty in Pangkalpinang city. Poverty alleviation issues are not only seen from the economic dimension, but also four other dimensions, namely social, cultural, psychological and political which require different and specific programs. The strong non-economic dimension is expected to become a strong bulwark in reducing the number of poverty in Pangkalpinang city.

Furthermore, it is necessary to consider the “policy implications” by sorting between the central and local governments, including:

a. Vertical/Central Agencies (Ministry of Social Affairs, Bappenas, Ministry of Villages, Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises, and others):

Statistics show that the standard (number) of poverty in Pangkal Pinang City is higher than other regions, it is possible that the poor who receive social assistance (according to the Integrated Database) are not as many as other regions. Therefore, the central government can affirm by:

1) Using the local poverty (economic) standard of Pangkal Pinang City in determining the target beneficiaries of the program, especially for Social Assistance/Social Protection programs.

2) Social assistance (in the context of social protection) for the poor of Pangkal Pinang City is transferred to social assistance for community empowerment (has a higher portion).

b. Local government

With the poverty standard (number) in Pangkalpinang City which is higher than other regions, statistically there is a potential for the poor to not receive social assistance social protection (according to the Integrated Database) from the Central Government (PIP, PIS, KKS, and others). Therefore:

1) Local governments need to prepare similar social protection policies (regional level) with regional financing (APBD).

2) The synergy and complementarity of local government social programs with the central government needs to be pursued and even institutionalized (through Mayor Regulations, Regional Regulations) to accelerate poverty alleviation in Pangkal Pinang City.

3) Recommendations on the need for Regional Data and Information Centers. This is to bridge the differences in data versions, especially data on poverty and the need for social services. The Regional Data and Information Center does not have to form a new institution, it can be through strengthening the tasks and functions of the existing Regional Apparatus Organizations (OPD).

Acknowledgement

We are enormously grateful to Bappeda Kota Pangkalpinang for financing this research and Universitas Bangka Belitung for supporting researchers in this research.

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