Keywords

Social Media Influencers, Sustainable Consumption, India, Authenticity, Credibility, Engagement.

Introduction

Background and Context

Indian ecosystem has grown exponentially in the last decade, fueled by affordable smartphones and widespread internet penetration (Kantar−IMRB, 2021. This expansion content creators, widely referred to as social media influencers, who command sizeable followings on platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, and LinkedIn (Patel & Rathod, 2022). Global social media users are predicted to increase from 2.86 billion in 2017 to 4.41 billion by 2025 (Knupfer et al., 2022). Parallelly, environmental concerns—ranging from air pollution in major cities to waste management issues— have entered mainstream discourse, prompting Indian consumers to reconsider their consumption patterns (Gupta, 2020).

Rise of Social Media Influencers in India

Unlike traditional celebrities who gained fame through film or sports, social media influencers typically cultivate an online community by sharing relatable content in niches like beauty, fashion, travel, and increasingly, sustainability (Dwivedi et al., 2021). Influencers on social media interact with their followers by providing them fresh information frequently (Lim et al., 2017). Research indicates that an influencer's attractiveness and brand alignment positively impact followers' purchase intentions (Vladimirova et al., 2023).

Growing Emphasis on Sustainable Consumption

India faces acute challenges in waste management, resource usage, and pollution (Pattnaik et al., 2022). Consumers believe that luxury and sustainability are opposing (Ray and Nayak ,2023). Due to customers' growing mindfulness of the environmental impact of their consumptions, the sustainability theory has been increasingly apparent in online consumer contribution through social media in recent years (Bryla et al., 2022).

Intersection of Digital Media and Ethical Consumer Decisions

Influencers wield soft power that can influence subjective norms and consumer attitudes (Ajzen, 1991). When Indian influencers with large followings endorse sustainable products or highlight environmental concerns, they shape not just individual choices but also cultural discourse on responsible living (Bhatt, 2021). Despite anecdotal evidence of their impact, there is a paucity of empirical, comparative data on whether these influencers actually shift consumer behavior across India’s varied demographic landscape (Mishra & Singh, 2023).

Problem Statement

While sustainability−focused influencers in India have grown in number and reach, systematic research on how effectively they drive behavioral changes is scarce. Do they merely raise awareness, or do they meaningfully alter consumer habits? Existing literature often relies on single−influencer case studies or lacks robust statistical methods. Thus, more extensive, comparative, data−driven analysis is crucial to uncover the drivers—credibility, authenticity, engagement rate, platform type—that motivate followers to adopt eco−friendly consumption (Bharadwaj & Jain, 2022).

Research Aims and Objectives

The Role of Social Media in Influencers Advocating Sustainable Consumption

Compare multiple influencer variables— credibility, authenticity, engagement rate, platform—and how they correlate with follower behavior changes.

Identify key predictors of behavioral change, including whether authenticity outranks credibility or if a high follower count offsets lower engagement.

Research Questions and Hypotheses

RQ1: To what extent do Indian social media influencers significantly affect followers’ sustainable consumption behaviors?

RQ2: Which influencer attributes (credibility, authenticity, engagement rate, etc.) most strongly predict shifts in follower behavior?

H1: Perceived credibility of an influencer is positively associated with increased sustainable purchase intent among followers.

H2: Authenticity is a key predictor of real− world, pro−environmental action, surpassing even credibility in explanatory power.

Scope and Significance

This study concentrates on 50 India-based sustainability influencers. The findings aim to guide brands, NGOs, and policymakers in crafting more effective campaigns. By integrating a multi− platform perspective (Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn) and a mix of macro−, micro−, and nano− influencers, the research strives to capture the varied ways in which digital personalities can catalyze more responsible consumption in a diverse country like India (Dwivedi et al., 2021).

Literature Review

Defining Sustainable consumption in India addresses complex challenges such as biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and urban pollution (Pattnaik et al., 2022). Beyond ecological considerations, local producers, fair labor, and inclusive economic development are pivotal to the Indian sustainability conversation (Bhatt, 2021). This broad perspective ensures that “sustainable” product choices also account for social equity and cultural alignment (Gupta, 2020).

Key Concepts: Minimalism, Zero-Waste, Ethical Sourcing

Minimalism: In a culturally diverse nation, minimalism can take various forms— adopting “less is more” attitudes to reduce consumption (Kumar, 2021).

Zero-Waste: Influencers often highlight do−it− yourself (DIY) solutions, local produce, and composting strategies suitable for Indian households (Goswami & Baruah, 2019).

Ethical Sourcing: Heightened awareness of supply chain ethics has led to support for indigenous crafts and organic farming (Chandra & Ghosh, 2020).

Influencer Marketing and Consumer Behavior Evolution

In India, influencer marketing quickly evolved from sporadic brand endorsements to full− fledged promotional strategies, partly due to the cultural significance of word−of−mouth recommendations (Patel & Rathod, 2022). Influencers are seen as relatable role models, particularly in areas like beauty, fashion, and now sustainability (Mishra & Singh, 2023).

Theories: Source Credibility, Social Proof

Source Credibility Theory (Ohanian, 1990) emphasizes trustworthiness, expertise, and attractiveness as drivers of persuasive power.

Social Proof (Cialdini, 2007) highlights the role of societal cues—seeing peers or admired figures adopt certain behaviors can normalize those behaviors (Singh & Kaur, 2022).

Trust and Credibility in Shaping Indian Consumer Decisions

Traditional Indian culture values recommendations from “trusted figures,” and many social media influencers inherit this dynamic by combining domain expertise with personal storytelling (Bhatt, 2021). However, inflated claims or inconsistent messaging can quickly erode trust, leading to skepticism around eco−labels and “greenwashing” (Venkatesh & Pillai, 2020). Non−green influencers posting about sustainability may lack credibility due to lack of sustainability knowledge and an inconsistent lifestyle (Buvár et al., 2023).

Social Media Platforms in India Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, etc.

Instagram: Instagram influencers must promote pro −environment behavior through campaigns (Boerman et al., 2022).

YouTube: Reaches rural and urban segments alike; multilingual content fosters broader access (Rana & Sood, 2019).

LinkedIn: Although smaller in user base, increasingly popular among professionals discussing corporate sustainability (Verma & Gupta, 2021). Digital influencers have wider reach via Facebook, Twitter, and blogs among their online social contacts, compared to traditional face−to−face opinion leaders (Uzunoglu & Kip, 2014)

Social networking sites allow influencers to target advertisements to specific users based on geographic, demographic, and psychographic data, ensuring that ads are only displayed to individuals who meet the defined criteria (Gironda & Korgaonkar, 2014).

Influencers as Agents of Sustainability Academic Findings on Behavior Change

Preliminary studies suggest Indian influencers can heighten awareness and create peer pressure for adopting eco−friendly actions like carrying reusable bags or buying organic produce (Chandra & Ghosh, 2020).

Theoretical Frameworks Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Ajzen’s (1991) TPB applies well in Indian contexts, as attitudes (favorable views of eco−friendly goods), subjective norms (family or influencer pressure), and perceived behavioral control (availability of green options) collectively shape intentions (Khan & Trivedi, 2020).

Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986)

Observational learning is particularly relevant when influencers demonstrate daily sustainable routines. Viewers learn “how to” from these role models (Goswami & Baruah, 2019).

Source Credibility Theory (Ohanian, 1990)

Issues like whether to trust the privacy and security of various content platforms are rooted in views of source trustworthiness in the online context (Watts & Giddens, 2017).

Summary of Key Gaps

Comparative Evidence: Social media platforms vary in their strengths and weaknesses, resulting in diverse user experiences (Voorveld et al., 2018).

Robust Analytics: Limited use of correlation or regression to link influencer traits with actual behavior changes (Mishra & Singh, 2023).

Long-Term Impact: Unclear whether influencer−driven eco−friendly habits persist or revert after initial enthusiasm (Gupta, 2020).

Methodology

Research Design

A mixed methods approach on quantities correlation and regression analysis was adopted

Rationale for Correlation and Regression. Correlations reveal associations between influencer traits (credibility, authenticity) and follower behaviors, while regression pinpoints which traits most powerfully predict sustainable consumption (Khan & Trivedi, 2020).

Sampling Strategy: Selection of 50 Indian Influencers

Purposive sampling targeted Indian creators consistently posting on sustainability topics for at least six months. Diversity in follower counts, platforms and niches was ensured Tables 1-7.

Table 1 List of 50 Indian Sustainability Influencers
No.	Influencer	Platform	Primary Niche	Approx. Follower Count	Region
1	Dia Mirza	Instagram	Climate Advocacy	4M	Pan− India
2	Bhumi Pednekar (Climate)	Instagram	Actor, #Climate Warrior	2.5M	Pan− India
3	Licypriya Kangujam	Twitter	Child Climate Activism	200k	Northeast India
4	Ripu Daman Bevli	Instagram	Plogging Movement	100k	North India
5	Saachi Singh (@ALittleAnark y)	Instagram	Sustainable Fashion	80k	Delhi NCR
6	Ankit Kawatra	LinkedIn	Hunger & Food Waste	120k	North India
7	Richa Singh (@PlantEase)	Instagram	Vegan Lifestyle	90k	Maharashtra
8	Aditi Mayer (Indian origin)	YouTube	Ethical Fashion	150k	Global/Indian
9	Vaishali Kamath (@EcoInd)	Instagram	Zero− Waste Tips	40k	Karnataka
10	Rohan Hingorani	Instagram	Sustainable Travel	70k	Pan− India
11	Shruti Jain (@GoGreenGur u)	YouTube	Eco− Product Reviews	60k	Rajasthan
12	Chef Saransh Goila	Instagram	Sustainable Cooking	1M	North India
13	Mini Mathur (@MiniMantra)	Instagram	Ethical Fashion	250k	Pan− India
14	Shubhendu Sharma	Twitter	Afforestati on (Miyawaki)	120k	North India
15	Nikita Dhawan (@YouthForAni mals)	Instagram	Animal Rights	100k	Maharashtra
16	Divya Rolla (@Yoga4Earth)	Instagram	Yoga & Sustainability	50k	South India
17	Neha Nagpal (LinkedIn)	LinkedIn	Sustainable Biz	65k	Delhi NCR
18	Dr. Mukund Rajan	Twitter	Corporate Sustainability	80k	Pan− India
19	Abhi & Niyu (@AbhiandNiyu)	YouTube	Positive News/Env.	3M	Pan− India
20	Trash Warriors India	Instagram	Waste Segregation	45k	Tamil Nadu
21	Vandana Shiva (@Navdanya)	Twitter	Organic Farming	300k	Uttarakhand
22	Natasha Noel	Instagram	Body Positivity + Yoga	500k	Pan− India
23	Yuvraj Singh (@YouWeCan)	Instagram	Health & Environment	15M	Pan− India
24	Vani Murthy(wormrani)	Instagram	Waste Mangement	343k	Pan− India
25	Sameera Reddy (@MessyMama)	Instagram	Sustainable Parenting	2M	Pan− India
26	Dia Roy (@HaraBhara)	Instagram	Plastic− Free Living	30k	West Bengal
27	Eshna Kutty (@EshnaGoEco)	Instagram	Upcycling, Dance	250k	Pan− India
28	Arun Krishnamurthy (EFI)	Twitter	Lake & River Rehab	150k	Tamil Nadu
29	Rana Daggubati (@SaveTheForest)	Instagram	Actor, Env. Activism	9M	Pan− India
30	Rahul Mishra (Designer)	Instagram	Sustainable Couture	400k	Delhi NCR
31	Poonam Bir Kasturi (@DailyDump)	Instagram	Composting Solutions	60k	Karnataka
32	Kavya Chopra (@MindfulMah arani)	Instagram	Ayurvedic & Eco− living	50k	North India
33	Anand Pendharkar	Facebook	Wildlife Conservation	40k	Maharashtra
34	Ayesha Billimoria	Instagram	Fitness & Environment	120k	Pan− India
35	Govardhan Ecovillage	YouTube	Holistic Living	200k	Maharashtra
36	Ridhima Pandey	Instagram	Youth Climate Activism	25k	Uttarakhand
37	Parvathy Baul (@FolkForEarth)	Instagram	Folk Music & Env. Aware	30k	West Bengal
38	EktaOhri (@Rhizome)	LinkedIn	Urban Sustainability	45k	Pan− India
39	Bhavna Menon (@WildernessC onscious)	Instagram	Eco− Conscious Travel	35k	Kerala
40	Veerji (@ZeroWasteP athIndia)	YouTube	Minimalist Living	80k	North India
41	Ashwin Naik (@SwasthBharat)	Twitter	Healthcare & Env.	50k	Pan− India
42	Sunita Narain (@CSEIndia)	Twitter	Environmental Policy	180k	Pan− India
43	Anju Modi (Designer)	Instagram	Sustainable Fashion	100k	Delhi NCR
44	Madhu Reddy (@GreenShots)	Instagram	Photography, Recycling	25k	Telangana
45	Team WeCare (@WeCareNGO)	Facebook	Community Clean− ups	60k	Pan− India
46	Vijay Nishanth (@TreeDoctor)	Twitter	Urban Forestry	70k	Karnataka
47	Disha Ravi (@FridaysForFu tureIndia)	Twitter	Climate Justice	100k	Pan− India
48	Tanvi (@OrganicDesi Life)	Instagram	Traditional Eco−living	40k	Haryana
49	Sreelakshmi (@UpcycleWith Me)	YouTube	Upcycling Projects	30k	Kerala
50	Avni Jain (@Sustainable Avni)	Instagram	Sustainable Skincare	45k	Gujarat

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics of 50 Indian Influencers
Variable	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Follower Count (000s)	878	321	25	15,000
Engagement Rate (%)	4.6	2.2	1.3	9.8
Credibility (1–7)	5.7	0.6	4.3	6.8
Authenticity (1–7)	5.5	0.7	4.2	6.7

Table 3 Follower Demographics (N=2000)
Demographic	Categories	%
Gender	Female (65%), Male	65/30/5
	(30%), Other (5%)
	18–24 (40%), 25–34	40/35/15/10
Age	(35%), 35–44 (15%),
	45+ (10%)
	Metro Cities (50%), Tier
Region (India)	2 Cities (30%), Rural	50/30/20
	-20%

Table 4 Correlation Matrix (Pearson’s R)
	Cred	Auth	Eng	PI	BA
Cred	1	0.60**	0.52**	0.49**	0.43**
Auth	0.60**	1	0.44**	0.54**	0.48**
Eng	0.52**	0.44**	1	0.41**	0.35**
PI	0.49**	0.54**	0.41**	1	0.58**
BA	0.43**	0.48**	0.35**	0.58**	1

Table 5 Multiple Regression Results (DV = PI)
Variable	B	SE B	Β	t	p
Credibility (Cred)	0.25	0.06	0.23	4.17	.000**
Authenticity (Auth)	0.36	0.05	0.31	6.82	.000**
Engagement (Eng)	0.05	0.02	0.11	2.4	.016*
Age	–0.02	0.01	–0.05	–1.45	0.148
Region (1=Metro)	0.03	0.03	0.03	1.03	0.304
Intercept	2.1	0.4	–	5.25	.000**

Table 6 Multiple Regression Results (DV = BA)
Variable	B	SE	β	t	p
Credibility (Cred)	21	0.05	20	4.20	.000**
Authenticity (Auth)	0.33	0.05	0.29	6.10	.000**
Engagement (Eng)	0.04	0.02	0.09	2.00	.046*
Age	–0.01	0.01	–0.03	–1.10	.270
Region (1=Metro)	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.70	.487
Intercept	1.85	0.45	–	4.11	.000**

Table 7 Macro vs. Micro/Nano Influencers
Metric	Macro(n=25)	Micro/Nano(n=25)	T	p
Mean Authenticity (1–7)	5.4	5.6	2.10	.036*
Purchase Intent (1–5)	3.7	3.9	2.05	.041*
Engagement Rate (%)	3.8	5.2	3.30	.001**
Follower Count (000s)	3,200	70	–	–

Data Collection Methods Quantitative

Follower Surveys (n ≈ 2000): Measured purchase intent (5−point Likert), influencer credibility(Ohanian, 1990), and reported adoption of eco−practices (Singh & Kaur, 2022).

Engagement Metrics: Likes, Comments, shares from each influencer’s top 5−10 sustainability− related−posts

Qualitative

Content Analysis: Thematic review of selected posts, focusing on tone, consistency, and authenticity cues (Dwivedi et ak, 2021).

Variables and Measurements Independent Variables

Credibility (7−pointscale: trustworthiness, expertise, attractiveness).

Authenticity (7−point scale: alignment between message and personal conduct).

Engagement Rate (ratio of interactions to follower count).

Dependent Variables

Purchase Intent (PI): Likelihood of buying eco−friendly products (5− point).

Behavioral Adoption (BA): Self− reported frequency of sustainable actions (hair − e.g. using cloth bags).

Control Variables: Age, region (urban vs. rural segmentation if relevant), platform type.

Data Analysis Procedures

Correlation: Pearson or Spearman to gauge relationship strengths.

Multiple Regression: OLS regression in SPSS or R to test hypotheses and evaluate the strongest predictors (Hair et al., 2021).

Ethical Considerations

Informed Consent: Survey participants were briefed on anonymity and data usage (Bharadwaj & Jain, 2022).

Public Data: Engagement metrics from public posts used responsibly, following privacy norms.

Reliability and Validity

Pilot Survey: 30 respondents tested for clarity; Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.70.

Triangulation: Surveys + content analysis + engagement metrics.

Limitations

Self−selection bias among followers who are already eco−inclined (Mishra & Singh, 2023).

Potential over reporting of “green” behaviors (Podsakoff et al., 2012).

Rapid shifts in social media usage or algorithms over time.

Data Presentation and Analysis: Descriptive Statistics

Influencer Overview

Correlation Analysis

All correlations significant at p < .01. Authenticity correlates strongly with purchase intent (0.54), hinting at its critical role in shaping consumer decisions.

Regression Analysis: Model 1: Predicting Purchase Intent (PI)

Model 2: Predicting Behavioral Adoption (BA)

Comparative Analysis: Macro vs. Micro/Nano

Micro/nano−influencers exhibit higher authenticity and engagement, though macro− influencers have vastly larger audiences.

Discussion

Key Findings Relative to Hypotheses

H1: Influencer credibility is linked to increased sustainable purchase intent. Regression models confirm credibility significantly predicts purchase intent (β=0.23, p<.01), aligning with Source Credibility Theory (Ohanian, 1990).

H2: Authenticity exerts a stronger effect on eco−behavior. Indeed, authenticity shows the highest β−coefficient (~0.31 for PI), suggesting genuine commitment and consistent messaging resonate with Indian audiences more than mere perceived expertise (Chauhan, 2022).

Integration with Literature Role of Authenticity and Credibility

Consistent with global findings, Indian consumers also prioritize trust and authenticity (Mishra & Singh, 2023).

Platform Dynamics

Although social media platforms vary in many ways, a key discrepancy lies in the details why consumers use them. Some users are drawn to platforms like blogs primarily for their content, suggesting they are more interested in processing and engaging with the information presented (Hughes et al., 2019).

Macro vs. Micro

Indian influencers often maintain tight−knit communities, leading to higher, though − influencers like celebrities or well− known activists can reach millions (Venkatesh & Pillai, 2020). The influencer with large followers has better perceived social influence (Bryla et al., 2022)

Theory of Planned Behavior: Reinforces the role of subjective norms−Indian influencers actively shape perceptions of what is socially acceptable or desirable (Khan&Trivedi,2020)

Social Cognitive Theory: Followers emulate influencers’ demonstration of feasible eco− actions, expanding observational learning beyond purely Western contexts (Goswami & Baruah, 2019).

Source Credibility: Endorses the need to expand beyond the original triad to include “authenticity” as a distinct dimension in influencer contexts (Chauhan, 2022).

Implications for Practice for Marketers

Authentic Partnerships: Select influencers who tangibly embody sustainability, not merely pay lip service (Bharadwaj & Jain, 2022).

Engagement over Follower Count: Evaluate engagement metrics and community rapport rather than just numeric reach (Devdas & Valsaraj, 2021).

Local Relevance: Collaborate with influencers attuned to cultural and regional nuances— e.g., local languages, festivals (Gupta, 2020).

For Influencers

Demonstrate Consistency: Show daily eco− friendly practices—composting, minimal packaging, mindful shopping (Patel & Rathod, 2022).

Transparent Sponsorships: Disclose brand collaborations, ensuring ethical alignment to avoid “greenwashing” backlash (Singh & Kaur, 2022).

Educative Content: Offer practical guides and local solutions (e.g., city−wise waste management tips).

For Policymakers / NGOs

Regulate Green Claims: Set guidelines for sustainable product endorsements to protect consumers (Chandra & Ghosh, 2020).

NGO Collaborations: Enlist credible influencers in campaigns (e.g., plastic−bans, water conservation) (Patnaik et al., 2022).

Public Resource Sharing: Provide data and fact sheets to influencers for accurate, evidence−based content (Venkatesh & Pillai, 2020).

Future Research Directions

Longitudinal Studies: Investigate persistence of eco−behaviors after influencer campaigns end (Mishra & Singh, 2023).

Cross-Cultural Indian Contexts: Compare urban vs. rural influencer impact or different linguistic regions.

In-depth Analytics: Employ real purchase data or carbon footprint tracking to validate self−reported results (Podsakoff et al., 2012).

India’s environmental challenges and rapidly evolving digital landscape create both an urgent need and an immense opportunity for sustainability influencers. By analyzing 50 Indian influencers’ impact, this research highlights authenticity as the most potent predictor of follower adoption of eco−friendly consumption, corroborated by robust statistical analysis. Credibility is also significant, echoing Source Credibility Theory’s emphasis on trust. However, platform differences— Instagram vs. YouTube vs. LinkedIn—seem overshadowed by personal rapport and content quality, implying universal best practices could transcend platform boundaries.These findings inform marketing strategies that seek to integrate sustainability messaging into influencer campaigns, reinforcing the importance of genuinely eco−conscious creators. Policymakers and NGOs could leverage trustworthy influencer voices for large−scale public initiatives, especially given India’s cultural diversity and the popularity of social media among urban and semi−urban youth. Challenges remain, including verifying genuine environmental impact and ensuring that short−term enthusiasm translates into long−term behavioral change.

Ultimately, this study underscores how Indian social media influencers can catalyze substantial progress in responsible consumption—provided authenticity is front and center. Future research can add depth by exploring cross−regional variations, examining real− world purchasing data, or conducting longitudinal designs to evaluate the sustainability of any behavioral shifts. In an era where online narratives heavily shape social norms, harnessing influencer credibility for meaningful change appears both promising and necessary.

Recommendations

For Marketers

Long-Term Collaborations: Due to the increasing variety of ecological and ethical products, organizations are encouraged to foster sustainable shopping habits in consumers (Johnstone & Lindh, 2017)

Combine Macro & Micro Influencers: According to Source Credibility Theory, customers view people with a high number of subscribers as more appealing and reliable (Djafarova & Rushworth, 2016)

For Influencers

Continuous Learning: Update followers on your environmental journey, share scientific insights, or partner with experts (Mishra & Singh, 2023). Influencers can increase awareness of collaborative consumption practices like clothes swapping, particularly in developing economies where this behavior is observed through a social practice lens (Camacho-Otero et al., 2019).

For Policymakers and NGOs

Set Standards: Develop a labeling system for sustainable endorsements, ensuring consumers can identify credible eco−claims (Khan & Trivedi, 2020).

Community Training: Organize workshops to equip influencers with accurate environmental data, particularly in vernacular languages (Devdas & Valsaraj, 2021).

Infrastructure Support: Facilitate local recycling or composting programs that influencers can promote, bridging online awareness with offline solutions (Singh & Kaur, 2022). By following these recommendations, India’s influencer ecosystem can better integrate authenticity, credibility, and culturally resonant messaging, thereby driving meaningful progress toward sustainable consumption across diverse socioeconomic segments. They can use Q&As, polls, and “challenge” formats to encourage active participation (Goswami & Baruah, 2019). When celebrities are effective in creating affable connections with their audiences, they will be seen as more reliable (Jin et al., 2019).

Automatic social networking software now enables marketers to regularly reply to customer comments and even scan messages (Labrecque, 2014).

Ethical Sponsored Content: A recent Twitter study proposed that consumers may give social media influencers a similar level of trust as they hold for their friends (Lou & Yuan, 2018).

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Received: 22-May-2025, Manuscript No. AMSJ-25-15946; Editor assigned: 23-May-2025, PreQC No. AMSJ-25-15946(PQ); Reviewed: 10-Jun-2025, QC No. AMSJ-25-15946; Revised: 22-Jun-2025, Manuscript No. AMSJ-25-15946(R); Published: 24-Jul-2025